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Aonidiella aurantii
''Aonidiella aurantii'' or red scale is an armoured scale insect and a major pest of citrus. It is thought to be a native of South China〔Longo, S., Marotta, S., Pellizzari, G., Russo, A. and A. Tranfaglia, 1995. "An annotated list of the scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of Italy". ''Israel Journal of Entomology'' 29: 113–130.〕 but has been widely dispersed by the agency of man through the movement of infected plant material. In the United States it is known as California red scale. It was first found in California between 1868 and 1875, apparently brought there on planting material imported from Australia.
==Description==
The female scale insect has a circular, brownish-red cover about 1.8 millimetres in diameter. It is firmly attached to the surface when the female is moulting or reproducing. The insect itself is visible through the cover and has an oval body which becomes kidney-shaped at the last instar stage. The female moults twice, exuding the material from which the cover is formed and developing a concentric ring in the center each time. There is a characteristic whitish coating on the underside of the body which separates it from the host plant.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.inra.fr/hyppz/RAVAGEUR/6aonaur.htm )〕 The female is viviparous with the eggs hatching internally.〔Parry-Jones, E., 1936. "Bionomics and ecology of red scale in Southern Rhodesia". ''Publication Mazoe Citrus Experimental Station'' 5: 11–52.〕 She produces 100 to 150 young altogether and live nymphs or crawlers emerge from under their mother's cover at the rate of two to three per day. When they first hatch the nymphs are a yellowish colour and search for a suitable place to settle in depressions on twigs, leaves or fruits. They then start feeding by inserting their mouthparts deep into the plant tissue and sucking sap from the parenchyma cells. The saliva they inject is very toxic to the leaves, twigs, branches and fruit of citrus trees.〔Bedford, E. C. G., 1998. "Red scale ''Aonidiella auranii'' (Maskell)". In: E. C. G. Bedford, M.A. Van den Berg and E. A. De Villiers (eds.), ''Citrus pests in the Republic of South Africa''. Dynamic Ad., Nelspruit, South Africa: 132–134.〕 They soon begin to develop their own round, waxy covers.〔
The male scale insect develops similarly until after the second moult when it becomes oval and darker than the female, measuring about one millimetre in diameter with an excentric cover. The adult male is a small, yellowish two-winged insect that emerges from under its elongated cover after four moults. It lives for about 6 hours and its sole purpose is to mate.〔 It locates unmated females by detecting the pheromones they release.〔Roelofs, W. L., Gieselmann, M. J., Carde, A. M., Tashiro, H., Moreno, D. S., Henrick, C. A. and R. J. Anderson, 1978. "Identification of the California red scale sex pheromone". ''Journal of Chemical Ecology'' 4: 211–224.〕
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